Supplementary material for paper titled: "The sustainability and transportation management of rail operations for grain exports in a massive country."

The grain export in Brazil is operated by several players and regulated by a few governmental agencies. Although players have particular interests, there is an increasing concern with sustainability that poses a common challenge to rail operations: the reduction of CO2 emissions. This work proposes a simulation-optimisation approach for assigning trains to routes in a complex queuing system minimising CO2 emissions of the country-wide rail operations’ without compromising the delivery of planned volume exports. The model considers a multi-modal logistic system, i.e., terminals, railways, and ports integrated into a closed circuit. The computational experiments using real-world data reveal that the CO2 emissions could be reduced by 5.32 kt and still increase the grain export by 2.20% per year